One of the most remarkable engineering developments has been the rapid advances made in the application of the compression – ignition principle to engines for transport purposes, particularly on road and rail.

^{^{A Combustion - ignition engine from Wikimedia under CCO license}}

The compression – ignition engines are alternatively described as ‘Diesel’ engines in honour of Dr. Rudolph Diesel, the German engineer who was responsible for most of the pioneer invention and development work. The essential differences between this type and the normal petrol unit is that no spark is required to initiate combustion. Air alone is compressed to such a degree that its temperature is raised to the point where ignition of the fuel occurs as soon as it is injected. The method of injecting the fuel is by using a pump to inject the fuel into the combustion chamber. This method known as solid injection, is employed on all modern high-speed engines. In the petrol engine the air and petrol are mixed before they enter the cylinder, whereas in the compression – ignition engine (C.I.E) contact between the fuel particles and air does not take place until injection occurs. Ensuring complete combustion is one of the most difficult problem in the design of C.I. engines. Thus is the chief reason why the Brake Mean Effective Pressure (B.M.E.P) is not at present superior to that of the petrol engine. The B.M.E.P depends on the quantity of oxygen burnt in the combustion chamber, even when other things being equal. **PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION** The majority of high-speed compression ignition engines operate on the four-stroke cycle. In this regard, similar names are used to distinguish the strokes as on the spark ignition engines. **The Cycle of Operations;**

^{^{Diesel PV cycle from Wikimedia under CCO license}}

A cycle is simply a series of events that repeats themselves. 1. **Induction:** During this stroke, the piston moves down with the inlet valve open. Air alone flows into the cylinder. 2. **Compression:** The piston returns with both inlet and exhaust valves closed, compressing the air to about one fourteenth of its original volume. 3. **Power:** During this power stroke, and just before the piston reaches T.D.C fuel is ignited and commences to burn immediately. Consequently, expansion of the air occurs and the piston is forced down the cylinder. Both valves are still closed. 4. **Exhaust:** During this stroke, the exhaust valve opens, the piston returns, forcing out the burnt products and ready for the first stroke again.

^{^{Four Stroke Diesel Engine from Wikimedia under CCO license}}

***Fuel Pump*** The purpose of the fuel pump is to deliver the correct quantity of fuel at the precise instant required for a wide range of loads and speeds. The system employs a small piston known as a plunger and a cylinder. In this type, there should be one for each cylinder, so that on a six-cylinder engine, there will be six of these elements housed in a compact unit driven from the engine. Its operation is similar to the mechanism of the normal poppet valve. As the plunger rises, its top edge closes both ports, forcing the fuel along the pipe to the cylinder. This continues until the edge of the helical groove uncovers the spill port, and consequently releases the rest of the fuel. The quantity of fuel delivered depends on the position of this helical groove. The movement of the plunger is controlled by a rack which is operated by the accelerator and the governor. ***The Governor*** The purpose of the governor is to control the maximum engine speed. This also minimises a smoky exhaust at high speeds. On the later model of pumps both pneumatic and centrifugal control are used. The reason for this is that at low speeds the pneumatic governor is more sensitive, whilst at maximum speed the centrifugal governor comes into operation. ***Nozzles*** The purpose of the nozzle is to spray the fuel into the combustion chamber. Basically, it consists of a spring – loaded spindle which is set to lift at a predetermined pressure. Nozzles can be of the single hole, pintaux type or the multi-hole type. The type to be fitted to an engine will be determined by the type of combustion chamber employed. In general, a single hole nozzle will give a greater depth of penetration than the pintaux or multi-hole pattern. **COMPARISON OF THE PETROL ENGINE AND THE COMBUSTION IGNITION ENGINE**

**ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF A COMBUSTION – IGNITION ENGINE** ***ADVANTAGES*** 1. The C.I engines (Diesel Engines) are more efficient compared to the S.I engines (Petrol Engines). 2. The C.I engines are used for high power electricity generators. 3. They possess high load carrying capability. ***LIMITATIONS*** 1. The C.I engine is of a higher cost compared to the S.I engine 2. It creates unpleasant odour in exhaust 3. The C.I engines are of heavy weight Reference: Auto Technology Fundamentals by Dr K.A Salami