## Introduction ## Thanks steemians for your comments and for upvoting my last post. Today, I’ll be taking us through another journey in Chemistry teaching. Chemistry is an interesting subject and a puzzle of wonder in its entire ramification. The teaching of Chemistry is an art in itself. Chemistry as a subject has been qualified by many students of different educational cadre as being abstract, volatile, difficult, boring and so on. However, in my own opinion it could be a fun-filled subject, depending on how the content is being delivered. One way of catching the attention of students and holding it is using analogies especially in form of story-telling to deliver the content. Analogies are tools used to bridge the gap between abstract concepts and comprehensible experiences of the learner. It uses familiar concepts to explain the unfamiliar ones. It could be pictorial: using pictures, images, or other visual materials); descriptive or narrative (story telling) [see my last post here](https://steemit.com/steemstem/@conas/teaching-chemistry-with-analogies-mapping-types-of-bond-fission-with-divorce-cases) ## Why Stories in Chemistry teaching? ## Children and even adults love stories. Facts, myths and fairy tales have been passed from one generation to the other through folk tales. Researchers have reported that those taught using analogies (whether descriptive or narrative) performed significantly better than those taught using the conventional lecture method. I have also employed the use of imaginary stories in some of my classes, especially in explaining some concepts in Organic chemistry. One of such stories is ‘The tale of three cities’ which I used to explain the Chemistry of Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes). ## The background ## Few decades ago in Nigeria, most cities had toll gates at the main entrances. Vehicles going in and out these cities had to pay token amount of money for them to pass through. These gates are open gates, they allowed the flow of people easily. ![800px-Worthy_toll_gate,_Somerset.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPZBYFSdfdww3cTv5PHLyDimUw1gNLX55urj9pwKSkRR8/800px-Worthy_toll_gate,_Somerset.jpg) [Julie Anne Workman CCO 3.0](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worthy_toll_gate,_Somerset.jpg) On the other hand the gates of residential houses or offices are closed gates. The gates are only opened on permission by relevant authority or broken down in case of forced entry. ![denmark-90011_960_720.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQ4aqWzwTD3dgChSamLcwk9968fNe8tBk7tP4EPsFyaNP/denmark-90011_960_720.jpg) [Pixabay CCO Licensed]( https://pixabay.com/en/denmark-castle-gate-sheet-metal-90011/) It is based on this presentation that the analogy of the tale of three cities with open and closed gates is drawn. The Tale of Three Cities ![14589669069_29d1e454ab_b.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaPPysqFBD6mgcBQTENsd1yY1np3LEnRRuPcJJzTZdpxZ/14589669069_29d1e454ab_b.jpg) [Flickr.com](https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14589669069/) This is an imaginary story about the way of life of the people of three cities which make up the country known as Hadawas. The cities are Anes, Enes and Ynes. The people of the cities are Tall men and short women. Each house is surnamed after the city and located 14meters apart. The cultural and commercial activities of the people of the three cities differ and are determined by the structure of the main entrance to the city. The main entrance is made of closed or open and closed gates. The only ctivity they hve in common is football game with the oxogas. **The City of Anes** The city is walled with the main entrance made of closed gate guided by two tall men. There are no open gates. The closed gate is strong and do not allow inflow or outflow of anyone. The inhabitants are relatively self-sufficient introverts. The gates are sealed and only open twice: during the festival of exchange with Halos from another country and during football games with Oxogas. The festival of exchange, allows one Halos in exchange for one Anes. They do not have wedding ceremonies . **The City of Enes** The main entrance consists of one open gate and one closed gate guided by two tall men. The open gate could allow two individuals at time. They are extroverts; cultural and commercial activities occur frequently here unlike in Anes. The people of Enes do not partake in festival of exchange but rather wedding ceremonies with foreigners. They play football games with Oxogas and oxidas. **The City of Ynes** This city has two open gates and one closed gate guided by two tall men. Two individuals could pass through each open gate. The city buzzes with activities ranging from festival of exchange to series of wedding ceremonies. They are much livelier than the people of Enes, but they also play football game with the Oxogas. ## Analogical relationship ## **Analogue** ……………………………………………………..**Target** **domain** Hadawas……………………………………………………….....Hydrocarbons Closed gates……………………………………………………....Sigma bond Open gates………………………………………………………...Pi bonds Self-sufficient…………………………………………………… Saturated Main entrance…………………………………………………… Functional group Introverts………………………………………………………….unreactive Exroverts………………………………………………………….reactive Cultural and commercial activities……………………………………..chemical reactions City of Anes……………………………………………………….Alkanes City of Enes……………………………………………………… Alkenes City of Ynes……………………………………………………….Alkynes Tall men……………………………………………………………Carbon atoms Short women……………………………………………………….Hydrogen atoms Festival of Exchange……………………………………………….Substitution reaction Wedding Ceremonies………………………………………………...Addition reactions Halos………………………………………………………………….Halogens Oxogas………………………………………………………………..Oxygen Football game with oxogas ……………………………………… Combustion Football game with oxidas…………………………………………….oxidation Two individuals……………………………………………………….Two univalent atoms ## Analogical Reasoning ## Hydrocarbons are made up of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms. They consist of three main homologous series; Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes. The functional groups determine their chemical reactions. The alkanes are saturated with sigma bonds and therefore are relatively unreactive. They only undergo two types of chemical reactions, Combustion and substitution. ![777px-Ethane-A-3D-balls.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUexxJRZjW6quDp4qwLpBkHNHMY6B1Ti9chyzVhqSKqQf/777px-Ethane-A-3D-balls.png) [Ben Mills, Own work Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ethane-A-3D-balls.png) The alkenes have one pi bond and one sigma bond to make a double bond functional group. They are more reactive than the alkanes due to the presence of pi bonds which are weaker than sigma bonds. They are unsaturated and therefore undergo series of addition reactions, combustion in the presence of free oxygen molecules and also oxidation reaction. ![701px-Ethylene-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNvZLXPNf75M839GSi43Ym4tiDKKpfDcs26rdS6V4AGzZ/701px-Ethylene-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png) [Ben Mills, Own work Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ethylene-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png) The alkynes are hydrocarbons with functional group of triple bond in between carbon atoms consisting of one sigma and two pi bonds. They are highly reactive due to unsaturation given by two pi bonds. They undergo substitution reactions with alkaline solutions of Silver (I) or Copper (II) ions, addition reactions and combustion. ![800px-Acetylene-CRC-IR-3D-balls.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQme7qxsfX6evcNVkxAVsRtqKGeZWrwJSTgq2Wza4rhrY9j/800px-Acetylene-CRC-IR-3D-balls.png) [Ben Mills Own work Public domin](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acetylene-CRC-IR-3D-balls.png) ## Conclusion ## The students should always be made to understand the link between the analogue and the concept taught to avoid misconception. The use of analogy to enhance classroom instruction could be the panacea to students’ phobia for science subjects. I has also proven be to be a veritable tool in sustaining the interest of students, improving their performance and self-efficacy. The use of analogies is not limited to classrooms. Parents and Instructors in different fields could adopt this strategy to teach concepts they perceive to be difficult to understand. It could be extra work (in case of pre-planned analogy) but the outcome is worth it. ***You could try it and share your experience**. References [Analogy-enhanced instructional strategy](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271825448_Effects_Of_Interactive-_Engagement_And_Analogy-Enhanced_Instructional_Strategies_On_Self-Efficacy_Of_Senior_Secondary_School_Chemistry_Students)